From Undecidability Require Import TM.Prelim.
Require Import Coq.Lists.List.
Require Import PslBase.Bijection.

Codable Class

Class of minimally codable types
Class codable (sig: Type) (X: Type) := {
  encode : X -> list sig;
}.
Arguments encode {sig} {X} {_}.

Hint Extern 4 (codable (FinType(EqType ?sigX)) ?X) => cbn : typeclass_instances.

We often use the above coercion to write cX x instead of encode x, because encode x can be ambigious, see Encode_map
Coercion encode : codable >-> Funclass.

Definition size (sig X : Type) (cX : codable sig X) (x : X) := length (cX x).
Arguments size {sig X} (cX x).

Hint database for encoding compatibility lemmas. For example, size functions are usually parametrised over an encoding. It doesn't matter for the size, whether we apply Encode_map on this encoding. This kind of lemmas is registered in this HintDb.
Create HintDb encode_comp.

Ltac simpl_comp := autorewrite with encode_comp.

Instance Encode_unit : codable Empty_set unit :=
  {|
    encode x := nil
  |}.

Lemma Encode_unit_hasSize t :
  size Encode_unit t = 0.
Proof. cbn. reflexivity. Qed.

Lemma Encode_unit_injective : injective Encode_unit.
Proof. now intros [] [] _. Qed.

Instance Encode_bool : codable bool bool:=
  {|
    encode x := [x]
  |}.

Lemma Encode_bool_hasSize b :
  size Encode_bool b = 1.
Proof. cbn. reflexivity. Qed.

Lemma Encode_bool_injective : injective Encode_bool.
Proof. intros [ | ] [ | ] H; cbn in *; congruence. Qed.

Instance Encode_Fin n : codable (Fin.t n) (Fin.t n):=
  {|
    encode i := [i]
  |}.

Lemma Encode_Fin_hasSize n i :
  size (Encode_Fin n) i = 1.
Proof. cbn. reflexivity. Qed.

Lemma Encode_Fin_injective n : injective (Encode_Fin n).
Proof. intros i1 i2. cbn. congruence. Qed.


Section Encode_Finite.
  Variable sig : finType.

  Local Instance Encode_Finite : codable sig sig :=
    {|
      encode x := [x];
    |}.

  Lemma Encode_Finite_hasSize f :
    size Encode_Finite f = 1.
  Proof. reflexivity. Qed.

  Lemma Encode_Finite_injective : injective Encode_Finite.
  Proof. intros x1 x2. cbn. congruence. Qed.

End Encode_Finite.

Encode_map is no longer an instance for codable

Section Encode_map.
  Variable (X : Type).
  Variable (sig tau : Type).
  Hypothesis (cX : codable sig X).

  Variable inj : Retract sig tau.

  Definition Encode_map : codable tau X :=
    {|
      encode x := map Retr_f (encode x);
    |}.

  Lemma Encode_map_hasSize x :
    size Encode_map x = size cX x.
  Proof. cbn. now rewrite map_length. Qed.

  Lemma Encode_map_injective :
    injective cX -> injective Encode_map.
  Proof. intros H. hnf in H; hnf. cbn in *. intros x1 x2 ? % map_injective; auto. apply retract_f_injective. Qed.

End Encode_map.


Section Encode_map_comp.
  Variable (X : Type).
  Variable (sig1 sig2 sig3 : Type).
  Variable (cX : codable sig1 X).
  Variable (I1 : Retract sig1 sig2) (I2 : Retract sig2 sig3).

  Lemma Encode_map_id x :
    Encode_map cX (Retract_id _) x = cX x.
  Proof. cbn. now rewrite map_id. Qed.

  Lemma Encode_map_comp x :
    Encode_map (Encode_map cX I1) I2 x = Encode_map cX (ComposeRetract I2 I1) x.
  Proof. cbn. rewrite List.map_map. reflexivity. Qed.

End Encode_map_comp.

Hint Rewrite Encode_map_id Encode_map_comp : encode_comp.

Builds simple retract functions like sigSum -> option sigX in the form fun x => match x with constructor_name y => Retr_g y | _ => None

Ltac build_simple_retract_g :=
  lazymatch goal with
  | [ |- ?Y -> option ?X ] =>
    
    let x := fresh "x" in
    intros x; destruct x; intros; try solve [now apply Retr_g ]; right
  end.

Ltac build_simple_retract :=
  lazymatch goal with
  | [ |- Retract ?X ?Y ] =>
    
    let x := fresh "x" in
    let y := fresh "y" in
    let f := (eval simpl in (ltac:(intros x; constructor; now apply Retr_f) : X -> Y)) in
    
    let g := (eval simpl in (ltac:(build_simple_retract_g) : Y -> option X)) in
    
    apply Build_Retract with (Retr_f := f) (Retr_g := g);
    abstract now hnf; intros x y; split;
    [ destruct y; try congruence; now intros -> % retract_g_inv
    | now intros ->; now retract_adjoint
    ]
  end
.

Ltac build_eq_dec :=
  let x := fresh "x" in
  let y := fresh "y" in
  intros x y; hnf; decide equality;
  apply Dec; auto.

Lemma countMap_injective (X Y : eqType) (x : X) (A : list X) (f : X -> Y) :
  (forall x y, f x = f y -> x = y) ->
  BasicDefinitions.count (map f A) (f x) = BasicDefinitions.count A x.
Proof.
  intros HInj. revert x. induction A as [ | a A IH]; intros; cbn in *; auto.
  decide (f x = f a) as [ -> % HInj | He].
  - decide (a = a) as [_ | Ha]; auto. congruence.
  - decide (x = a) as [-> | Hx]; auto. congruence.
Qed.

Lemma countMap_zero (X Y : eqType) (A : list X) (y : Y) (f : X -> Y) :
  (forall x, f x <> y) ->
  BasicDefinitions.count (map f A) y = 0.
Proof.
  revert y. induction A as [ | a A IH]; intros; cbn in *; auto.
  decide (y = f a) as [-> | ?]; auto. now contradiction (H a).
Qed.

Section Encode_sum.
  Variable (X Y : Type).
  Inductive sigSum (sigX sigY : Type) : Type :=
  | sigSum_X (s : sigX)
  | sigSum_Y (s : sigY)
  | sigSum_inl
  | sigSum_inr
  .

  Arguments sigSum_inl {sigX sigY}. Arguments sigSum_inr {sigX sigY}. Arguments sigSum_X {sigX sigY}. Arguments sigSum_Y {sigX sigY}.

  Global Instance Retract_sigSum_X (sigX sigY tau : Type) (f : Retract sigX tau) : Retract sigX (sigSum tau sigY).
  Proof. build_simple_retract. Defined.
  Global Instance Retract_sigSum_Y (sigX sigY tau : Type) (f : Retract sigY tau) : Retract sigY (sigSum sigX tau).
  Proof. build_simple_retract. Defined.

  Global Instance sigSum_dec (sigX sigY : Type) (decX: eq_dec sigX) (decY: eq_dec sigY) :
    eq_dec (sigSum sigX sigY) := ltac:(build_eq_dec).

  Global Instance sigSum_fin (sigX sigY : finType) : finTypeC (EqType (sigSum sigX sigY)).
  Proof.
    split with (enum := sigSum_inl :: sigSum_inr :: map sigSum_X enum ++ map sigSum_Y enum). intros [x|y| | ]; cbn; f_equal.
    - rewrite <- !countSplit.
      erewrite countMap_injective.
      + rewrite enum_ok. rewrite countMap_zero. omega. congruence.
      + eapply (retract_f_injective) with (I := Retract_sigSum_X sigY (Retract_id _)).
    - rewrite <- !countSplit.
      erewrite countMap_injective.
      + rewrite enum_ok. rewrite countMap_zero. omega. congruence.
      + eapply (retract_f_injective) with (I := Retract_sigSum_Y sigX (Retract_id _)).
    - rewrite <- !countSplit. rewrite !countMap_zero. omega. all: congruence.
    - rewrite <- !countSplit. rewrite !countMap_zero. omega. all: congruence.
  Qed.

  Variable (sigX sigY : Type).
  Hypothesis (cX : codable sigX X) (cY : codable sigY Y).

  Global Instance Encode_sum : codable (sigSum sigX sigY) (X+Y) :=
    {|
      encode s := match s with
                  | inl x => sigSum_inl :: (Encode_map _ _ x)
                  | inr y => sigSum_inr :: (Encode_map _ _ y)
                  end
    |}.

  Definition Encode_sum_size s :=
    match s with
       | inl x => S (size cX x)
       | inr y => S (size cY y)
    end.

  Lemma Encode_sum_hasSize s :
    size Encode_sum s = Encode_sum_size s.
  Proof. cbn. destruct s; cbn; cbv [Encode_sum_size]; rewrite map_length; reflexivity. Qed.

  Lemma Encode_sum_injective : injective cX -> injective cY -> injective Encode_sum.
  Proof.
    intros HX HY. intros [ x1 | y1 ] [ x2 | y2] H; cbn in *; inv H; f_equal.
    - apply map_injective in H1; auto. congruence.
    - apply map_injective in H1; auto. congruence.
  Qed.

End Encode_sum.

Arguments sigSum_inl {sigX sigY}. Arguments sigSum_inr {sigX sigY}. Arguments sigSum_X {sigX sigY}. Arguments sigSum_Y {sigX sigY}.
Hint Extern 4 (finTypeC (EqType (sigSum _ _))) => eapply sigSum_fin : typeclass_instances.
Check FinType (EqType (sigSum bool bool)).

Lemma cons_injective (X : Type) (x1 x2 : X) (l1 l2 : list X) :
  x1 :: l1 = x2 :: l2 -> x1 = x2 /\ l1 = l2.
Proof. intros H. inv H. auto. Qed.

Lemma map_app_map_seperate (X Y Z : Type) (f : X -> Z) (g : Y -> Z) (x1 x2 : list X) (y1 y2 : list Y) :
  injective f -> injective g ->
  (forall x y, f x <> g y) ->
  map f x1 ++ map g y1 = map f x2 ++ map g y2 ->
  x1 = x2 /\ y1 = y2.
Proof.
  intros Hf Hg Hfg. revert x2 y1 y2. induction x1 as [ | x x1 IH]; intros x2 y1 y2 HApp; cbn in *.
  - apply map_eq_app in HApp as (l1&l2&->&HApp1&HApp2). apply map_injective in HApp2 as ->; auto.
    destruct x2, l1; cbn in *; auto; inv HApp1. exfalso. eapply Hfg; eauto.
  - destruct x2 as [ | x' x2]; cbn in *.
    + exfalso. destruct y2; cbn in *; inv HApp. eapply Hfg; eauto.
    + apply cons_injective in HApp as [-> % Hf HApp]. apply IH in HApp as [-> ->]. auto.
Qed.

If X is encodable over sigX and Y over sigY.
Section Encode_pair.

  Inductive sigPair (sigX sigY : Type) : Type :=
  | sigPair_X (s : sigX)
  | sigPair_Y (s : sigY)
  .

  Arguments sigPair_X {sigX sigY}. Arguments sigPair_Y {sigX sigY}.

  Global Instance Retract_sigPair_X (sigX sigY tau : Type) (f : Retract sigX tau) : Retract sigX (sigPair tau sigY).
  Proof. build_simple_retract. Defined.
  Global Instance Retract_sigPair_Y (sigX sigY tau : Type) (f : Retract sigY tau) : Retract sigY (sigPair sigX tau).
  Proof. build_simple_retract. Defined.

  Global Instance sigPair_dec (sigX sigY : Type) (decX: eq_dec sigX) (decY: eq_dec sigY) :
    eq_dec (sigPair sigX sigY) := ltac:(build_eq_dec).

  Global Instance sigPair_fin (sigX sigY : finType) : finTypeC (EqType (sigPair sigX sigY)).
  Proof.
    split with (enum := map sigPair_X enum ++ map sigPair_Y enum). intros [x|y]; cbn; f_equal.
    - rewrite <- !countSplit.
      erewrite countMap_injective.
      + rewrite enum_ok. rewrite countMap_zero. omega. congruence.
      + eapply (retract_f_injective) with (I := Retract_sigPair_X sigY (Retract_id _)).
    - rewrite <- !countSplit.
      erewrite countMap_injective.
      + rewrite enum_ok. rewrite countMap_zero. omega. congruence.
      + eapply (retract_f_injective) with (I := Retract_sigPair_Y sigX (Retract_id _)).
  Qed.

  Variable (sigX sigY: Type) (X Y: Type) (cX : codable sigX X) (cY : codable sigY Y).

  Global Instance Encode_pair : codable (sigPair sigX sigY) (X*Y) :=
    {|
      encode '(x,y) := Encode_map _ _ x ++ Encode_map _ _ y;
    |}.

  Definition Encode_pair_size (p : X * Y) := let (x, y) := p in size cX x + size cY y.

  Lemma Encode_pair_hasSize p : size Encode_pair p = Encode_pair_size p.
  Proof. destruct p; cbn; now rewrite app_length, !map_length. Qed.

  Lemma Encode_pair_injective : injective cX -> injective cY -> injective Encode_pair.
  Proof.
    intros HX HY. intros [x1 y1] [x2 y2] H; cbn in *.
    apply map_app_map_seperate in H as [-> % HX -> % HY]; auto; congruence.
  Qed.

End Encode_pair.

Arguments sigPair_X {sigX sigY}. Arguments sigPair_Y {sigX sigY}.

Hint Extern 4 (finTypeC (EqType (sigPair _ _))) => eapply sigPair_fin : typeclass_instances.
Check FinType (EqType (sigPair bool bool)).

Compute Encode_pair Encode_bool (Encode_sum Encode_unit Encode_bool) (true, inl tt).

Check _ : codable (sigPair bool (sigSum Empty_set bool)) unit.

Section Encode_option.

  Inductive sigOption (sigX: Type) : Type :=
  | sigOption_X (s : sigX)
  | sigOption_None
  | sigOption_Some
  .

  Arguments sigOption_Some {sigX}. Arguments sigOption_None {sigX}. Arguments sigOption_X {sigX}.

  Global Instance Retract_sigOption_X (sig tau : Type) (retr : Retract sig tau) : Retract sig (sigOption tau).
  Proof. build_simple_retract. Defined.

  Global Instance sigOption_dec sigX (decX : eq_dec sigX) :
    eq_dec (sigOption sigX) := ltac:(build_eq_dec).

  Global Instance sigOption_fin (sigX : finType) : finTypeC (EqType (sigOption sigX)).
  Proof.
    split with (enum := sigOption_Some :: sigOption_None :: map sigOption_X enum).
    intros [x| | ]; cbn; f_equal.
    - rewrite countMap_injective. 2: apply retract_f_injective with (I := Retract_sigOption_X (Retract_id _)).
      now apply enum_ok.
    - rewrite countMap_zero. omega. congruence.
    - rewrite countMap_zero. omega. congruence.
  Qed.

  Variable (sigX: Type) (X: Type) (cX : codable sigX X).

  Global Instance Encode_option : codable (sigOption sigX) (option X) :=
    {|
      encode o := match o with
                  | None => [sigOption_None]
                  | Some x => sigOption_Some :: Encode_map _ _ x
                  end;
    |}.

  Definition Encode_option_size (o : option X) :=
    match o with
    | None => 1
    | Some x => S (size cX x)
    end.

  Lemma Encode_option_hasSize o : size _ o = Encode_option_size o.
  Proof. destruct o; cbn; f_equal; now rewrite map_length. Qed.

  Lemma Encode_option_injective : injective cX -> injective Encode_option.
  Proof.
    intros HX. intros [ x1 | ] [ x2 | ] H; inv H; auto. f_equal. apply map_injective in H1.
    - now apply HX in H1.
    - congruence.
  Qed.

End Encode_option.

Arguments sigOption_Some {sigX}. Arguments sigOption_None {sigX}. Arguments sigOption_X {sigX}.

Hint Extern 4 (finTypeC (EqType (sigOption _))) => eapply sigOption_fin : typeclass_instances.
Check FinType (EqType (sigOption bool)).

Compute Encode_option Encode_bool None.
Compute Encode_option Encode_bool (Some false).

Lemma app_seperate (X : Type) (xs1 xs2 ys1 ys2 : list X) (s1 s2 : X) :
  (~ In s1 xs2) ->
  (~ In s2 xs1) ->
  xs1 ++ s1 :: ys1 = xs2 ++ s2 :: ys2 ->
  xs1 = xs2 /\ s1 = s2 /\ ys1 = ys2.
Proof.
  revert xs2 ys1 ys2 s1 s2. induction xs1 as [ | x1 xs1 IH]; intros xs2 ys1 ys2 s1 s2; intros H1 H2; intros Heq; cbn in *.
  - destruct xs2 as [ | x2 xs2]; cbn in *.
    + inv Heq. auto.
    + inv Heq. exfalso. apply H1. auto.
  - destruct xs2 as [ | x2 xs2]; cbn in *.
    + inv Heq. exfalso. apply H2. auto.
    + apply cons_injective in Heq as [-> Heq].
      enough (xs1 = xs2 /\ s1 = s2 /\ ys1 = ys2) as (->&->&->) by auto.
      apply IH; auto.
Qed.

Lemma skipn_0 (A:Type) (xs : list A) : skipn 0 xs = xs. Proof. reflexivity. Qed.

Lemma skipn_tl (A:Type) (xs : list A) (n : nat) : skipn (S n) xs = skipn n (tl xs).
Proof. induction n; cbn; destruct xs; auto. Qed.

Section Encode_list.

  Inductive sigList (sigX : Type) : Type :=
  | sigList_X (s : sigX)
  | sigList_nil
  | sigList_cons
  .

  Arguments sigList_nil {sigX}. Arguments sigList_cons {sigX}. Arguments sigList_X {sigX}.

  Global Instance Retract_sigList_X (sig tau : Type) (retr : Retract sig tau) : Retract sig (sigList tau).
  Proof. build_simple_retract. Defined.

  Global Instance sigList_dec sigX (decX : eq_dec sigX) :
    eq_dec (sigList sigX) := ltac:(build_eq_dec).

  Global Instance sigList_fin (sigX : finType) : finTypeC (EqType (sigList sigX)).
  Proof.
    split with (enum := sigList_nil :: sigList_cons :: map sigList_X enum).
    intros [x| | ]; cbn; f_equal.
    - rewrite countMap_injective. 2: apply retract_f_injective with (I := Retract_sigList_X (Retract_id _)).
      now apply enum_ok.
    - rewrite countMap_zero. omega. congruence.
    - rewrite countMap_zero. omega. congruence.
  Qed.

  Variable sigX: Type.
  Variable (X : Type) (cX : codable sigX X).

  Fixpoint encode_list (xs : list X) : list (sigList sigX) :=
    match xs with
    | nil => [sigList_nil]
    | x :: xs' => sigList_cons :: Encode_map _ _ x ++ encode_list xs'
    end.

  Lemma encode_list_concat l:
    encode_list l = concat (map (fun t => sigList_cons :: map sigList_X (encode t)) l) ++[sigList_nil].
  Proof.
    induction l;cbn. reflexivity.
    rewrite IHl. cbn. now autorewrite with list.
  Qed.

  Global Instance Encode_list : codable (sigList sigX) (list X) :=
    {|
      encode := encode_list;
    |}.

  Lemma encode_list_app (xs ys : list X) :
    encode_list (xs ++ ys) = removelast (encode_list xs) ++ encode_list ys.
  Proof.
    revert ys. induction xs; intros; cbn in *; f_equal.
    rewrite IHxs. rewrite app_assoc, app_comm_cons; f_equal.
    destruct (map (fun x : sigX => sigList_X x) (cX a)) eqn:E; cbn.
    - destruct xs; cbn; auto.
    - f_equal. destruct (cX a) eqn:E2; cbn in E. congruence.
      rewrite removelast_app.
      + destruct (l ++ encode_list xs) eqn:E3; cbn; auto.
        apply app_eq_nil in E3 as (E3&E3'). destruct xs; inv E3'.
      + destruct xs; cbn; congruence.
  Qed.

  Corollary Encode_list_app (xs ys : list X) :
    Encode_list (xs ++ ys) = removelast (Encode_list xs) ++ Encode_list ys.
  Proof. cbn. now apply encode_list_app. Qed.

  Lemma encode_list_neq_nil (xs : list X) :
    encode_list xs <> nil.
  Proof. destruct xs; cbn; congruence. Qed.

  Corollary Encode_list_neq_nil (xs : list X) :
    Encode_list xs <> nil.
  Proof. cbn. apply encode_list_neq_nil. Qed.

  Lemma encode_list_remove (xs : list X) :
    removelast (encode_list xs) ++ [sigList_nil] = encode_list xs.
  Proof.
    induction xs.
    - reflexivity.
    - cbn [encode_list].
      change (sigList_cons :: Encode_map _ _ a ++ encode_list xs)
        with ((sigList_cons :: Encode_map _ _ a) ++ encode_list xs).
      rewrite removelast_app by apply encode_list_neq_nil.
      rewrite <- app_assoc. f_equal. auto.
  Qed.

  Corollary Encode_list_remove (xs : list X) :
    removelast (Encode_list xs) ++ [sigList_nil] = Encode_list xs.
  Proof. cbn. apply encode_list_remove. Qed.

  Fixpoint Encode_list_size (xs : list X) : nat :=
    match xs with
    | nil => 1
    | x :: xs' => S (size cX x + Encode_list_size xs')
    end.

  Lemma Encode_list_hasSize (xs : list X) : size _ xs = Encode_list_size xs.
  Proof.
    induction xs as [ | x xs IH]; cbn; f_equal.
    rewrite app_length, !map_length. fold (size cX x). now rewrite <- IH.
  Qed.

  Lemma Encode_list_hasSize_skipn (xs : list X) (n : nat) :
    Encode_list_size (skipn n xs) <= Encode_list_size xs.
  Proof.
    revert n. induction xs as [ | x xs' IH]; intros n.
    - cbn. rewrite skipn_nil. cbn. reflexivity.
    - cbn. destruct n.
      + rewrite skipn_0. cbn. reflexivity.
      + cbn. rewrite IH. omega.
  Qed.

  Lemma Encode_list_hasSize_ge1 (xs : list X) :
    1 <= Encode_list_size xs.
  Proof. induction xs; cbn; omega. Qed.

  Lemma Encode_list_hasSize_app (xs ys : list X) :
    Encode_list_size (xs ++ ys) = Encode_list_size xs + Encode_list_size ys - 1.
  Proof.
    induction xs as [ | x xs IH] in xs,ys|-*; cbn.
    - omega.
    - rewrite IH. enough (1 <= Encode_list_size xs) by omega. apply Encode_list_hasSize_ge1.
  Qed.

  Lemma encode_list_eq_nil (xs : list X) : encode_list xs = [sigList_nil] -> xs = nil.
  Proof. destruct xs; cbn; congruence. Qed.

  Lemma encode_list_injective : injective cX -> injective encode_list.
  Proof.
    intros HX. hnf in *. intros xs. induction xs as [ | x xs IH]; intros ys H; cbn in *.
    - symmetry in H. apply encode_list_eq_nil in H. auto.
    - destruct ys as [ | y ys]; cbn in *.
      + inv H.
      + apply cons_injective in H as [_ H].
        destruct xs as [ | x' xs]; cbn in *.
        * destruct ys as [ | y' ys]; cbn in *.
          -- apply app_inj_tail in H as [H _]. apply map_injective in H; auto. now apply HX in H as ->. congruence.
          -- exfalso. apply app_seperate in H as (H1&H2&H3); cbn; auto.
             ++ congruence.
             ++ intros (?&?&?) % in_map_iff. congruence.
             ++ intros (?&?&?) % in_map_iff. congruence.
        * destruct ys as [ | y' ys]; cbn in *.
          -- exfalso. eapply app_seperate in H as (H1&H2&H3); cbn; auto.
             ++ congruence.
             ++ intros (?&?&?) % in_map_iff. congruence.
             ++ intros (?&?&?) % in_map_iff. congruence.
          -- apply app_seperate in H as (H1&H2&H3).
             ++ apply map_injective, HX in H1 as ->; auto. 2: congruence.
                specialize (IH (y' :: ys)). spec_assert IH by (cbn; f_equal; auto). rewrite IH. auto.
             ++ intros (?&?&?) % in_map_iff. congruence.
             ++ intros (?&?&?) % in_map_iff. congruence.
  Qed.

  Lemma Encode_list_injective : injective cX -> injective Encode_list.
  Proof. apply encode_list_injective. Qed.

End Encode_list.

Arguments sigList_nil {sigX}. Arguments sigList_cons {sigX}. Arguments sigList_X {sigX}.

Hint Extern 4 (finTypeC (EqType (sigList _))) => eapply sigList_fin : typeclass_instances.
Check FinType(EqType (sigList bool)).

Compute Encode_list Encode_bool (nil).
Eval cbn in Encode_list Encode_bool (true :: _).
Compute Encode_list Encode_bool (true :: false :: nil).

Section Encode_nat.

  Inductive sigNat : Type :=
  | sigNat_O
  | sigNat_S.

  Global Instance sigNat_eq : eq_dec sigNat.
  Proof. unfold dec. decide equality. Defined.

  Global Instance sigNat_fin : finTypeC (EqType sigNat).
  Proof. split with (enum := [sigNat_O; sigNat_S]). intros [ | ]; cbn; reflexivity. Qed.

  Global Instance Encode_nat : codable sigNat nat :=
    {|
      encode n := repeat sigNat_S n ++ [sigNat_O];
    |}.

  Lemma Encode_nat_hasSize n : size _ n = S n.
  Proof. cbn. rewrite app_length, repeat_length. cbn. omega. Qed.

  Corollary Encode_nat_eq_nil n :
    Encode_nat n <> nil.
  Proof. intros H % length_zero_iff_nil. fold (size _ n) in H. rewrite Encode_nat_hasSize in H. omega. Qed.

  Lemma Encode_nat_injective : injective Encode_nat.
  Proof.
    cbn. hnf. intros n1. induction n1; intros n2 H; cbn in *.
    - destruct n2; cbn in *; congruence.
    - destruct n2; cbn in *; try congruence. f_equal. inv H. eapply IHn1. auto.
  Qed.

End Encode_nat.

Check FinType(EqType sigNat).

Test Playground